The categorical contours of the Chomsky-Schützenberger representation theorem

We develop fibrational perspectives on context-free grammars and on finite state automata over categories and operads. A generalized CFG is a functor from a free colored operad (= multicategory) generated by a pointed finite species into an arbitrary base operad: this encompasses classical CFGs by taking the base to be a certain operad constructed from a free monoid, as an instance of a more general construction of an operad of spliced arrows $\mathcal{W}\,\mathcal{C}$ for any category $\mathcal{C}$. A generalized NDFA is a functor satisfying the unique lifting of factorizations and finite fiber properties, from an arbitrary bipointed category or pointed operad: this encompasses classical word automata and tree automata without $\epsilon$-transitions, but also automata over non-free categories and operads. We show that generalized context-free and regular languages satisfy suitable generalizations of many of the usual closure properties, and in particular we give a simple conceptual proof that context-free languages are closed under intersection with regular languages. Finally, we observe that the splicing functor $\mathcal{W} : Cat \to Oper$ admits a left adjoint $\mathcal{C} : Oper \to Cat$, which we call the contour category construction since the arrows of $\mathcal{C}\,\mathcal{O}$ have a geometric interpretation as oriented contours of operations of $\mathcal{O}$. A direct consequence of the contour / splicing adjunction is that every pointed finite species induces a universal CFG generating a language of tree contour words. This leads us to a generalization of the Chomsky-Sch\"utzenberger Representation Theorem, establishing that a subset of a homset $L \subseteq \mathcal{C}(A,B)$ is a CFL of arrows iff it is a functorial image of the intersection of a $\mathcal{C}$-chromatic tree contour language with a regular language.