What is Quantum Parallelism, Anyhow? (2405.07222v1)

Abstract: Central to the power of quantum computing is the concept of quantum parallelism: quantum systems can explore and process multiple computational paths simultaneously. In this paper, we discuss the elusive nature of quantum parallelism, drawing parallels with classical parallel computing models to elucidate its fundamental characteristics and implications for algorithmic performance. We begin by defining quantum parallelism as arising from the superposition of quantum states, allowing for the exploration of multiple computational paths in parallel. To quantify and visualize quantum parallelism, we introduce the concept of quantum dataflow diagrams, which provide a graphical representation of quantum algorithms and their parallel execution paths. We demonstrate how quantum parallelism can be measured and assessed by analyzing quantum algorithms such as the Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) and Amplitude Amplification (AA) iterations using quantum dataflow diagrams. Furthermore, we examine the interplay between quantum parallelism and classical parallelism laws, including Amdahl's and Gustafson's laws. While these laws were originally formulated for classical parallel computing systems, we reconsider their applicability in the quantum computing domain. We argue that while classical parallelism laws offer valuable insights, their direct application to quantum computing is limited due to the unique characteristics of quantum parallelism, including the role of destructive interference and the inherent limitations of classical-quantum I/O. Our analysis highlights the need for an increased understanding of quantum parallelism and its implications for algorithm design and performance.