Survey on Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph and its Applications

Exploring Knowledge Graph Embeddings: Applications and Innovations in Neural Approaches

Introduction

The paper explore the fundamental structures and applications of Knowledge Graphs (KGs) and Knowledge Bases (KBs), defining them as structured representations of real-world facts. KGs in particular are highlighted as heterogeneous directed graphs consisting of nodes (entities) and edges (relationships), amenable to dynamic schema extensions and various graph query operations. The major focus is on addressing the classic challenges of KGs, including computational inefficiencies, data sparsity, and intricate feature engineering demands, through innovative Knowledge Graph Embedding (KGE) techniques.

Large-Scale Knowledge Graphs

The document outlines several influential KGs such as Freebase, DBpedia, Wikidata, and YAGO, each serving as a foundational structure for various applications across semantic web, data integration, and AI reasoning platforms. It points out their specific architectural constructs and the scope of their informational content, emphasizing their particular benefits and ubiquity in research and practical applications.

Deep Learning Models for KG

An extensive discussion is provided on various deep learning models that pertain to handling structured graph data. These include:

• Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), providing sequential data processing.
• Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs), with mechanisms to address the vanishing gradient problem typical of standard RNNs.
• Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), primarily utilized for grid-like data structures (e.g., images) and distinguished by their use of convolution operations for feature extraction.

Knowledge Graph Embedding Techniques

The paper explores the transition from traditional KG representations to embedding techniques that place entities and relationships within a low-dimensional, continuous vector space. This method significantly alleviates issues of scalability, sparsity, and manual feature engineering. It details various embedding models, including:

• Translation-based models like TranE, which conceptualizes relationships as translations in vector space.
• Neural Network-based models such as SME and MLP, which utilize layered architectures to derive embeddings.

These models are described in terms of their architecture, operational mechanisms, and the specific types of relational data they best accommodate.

Practical Applications of KG Embeddings

Giving a clear perspective on the utilization of KG embeddings, the paper outlines several applications:

• Fake News Detection: Leveraging KGs to assess the veracity of news by fact-checking against established KGs.
• Drug Discovery and Social Media Monitoring: Utilizing embeddings to detect social media content related to illegal drug activity.
• Mental Health Applications: Deploying KGs to identify and support mental health issues through social media data analysis.

Conclusion and Future Directions

The summary underscores the enhancement of KG and KB systems through embeddings, which render these systems more efficient and capable of managing the complex, real-world data. It suggests that future explorations could consider extending these embedding techniques to broader domains such as propaganda detection, an understanding of misinformation spread, and other socially impactful applications.

The results and frameworks discussed provide a comprehensive insight into modern KG handling approaches, bridging traditional graph structures with advanced machine learning techniques to facilitate better decision-making and knowledge discovery in various domains.