Prompts As Programs: A Structure-Aware Approach to Efficient Compile-Time Prompt Optimization

Prompts as Programs: Enhancing Large Language Model Prompt Optimization through Compile-Time Refinement

Introduction to SAMMO

Recent advances in LLMs have led to more elaborate prompts that contain intricate structures, akin to programming constructs. These complex prompts, termed metaprompt programs, allow for dynamic assembly of instructions, examples, and data formats which can be tailored according to the input at runtime. However, the optimization of such metaprompts, especially in a manner that is both efficient and effective, poses a significant challenge. Addressing this, the research introduces SAMMO (Structure-Aware Multi-objective Metaprompt Optimization), a framework built for compile-time optimization of metaprompt programs. SAMMO represents metaprompts as structured objects, enabling elaborate transformations and optimizations over traditional text-based approaches. Through experimental validation, SAMMO demonstrates substantial improvements in optimizing complex prompts across different use cases and LLMs.

Problem Definition and Notation

SAMMO formalizes the optimization of metaprompts as a search problem over a defined space of potential metaprompt configurations. It introduces a notation system where a metaprompt, $\pi$, operates on input data $X$, to produce a string for LLM processing. The optimization's objective is to discover an optimal metaprompt, $\pi^*$, which minimizes loss across varied data distributions. Importantly, SAMMO differentiates itself by focusing on compile-time optimizations, executing modifications to the metaprompt structure and parameters before deployment, as opposed to run-time optimizations which require adjustments at the point of execution for each input.

Key Features of SAMMO

• Programmatic Representation of Metaprompts: By structuring metaprompts as directed acyclic graphs, SAMMO provides a modular and comprehensive approach to prompt design, facilitating intricate editing and refinement.
• Intelligent Search Algorithms: Utilizing a set of mutation operators, SAMMO employs genetic search algorithms to explore and select the most promising metaprompt configurations, considering both structural and content modifications.
• Framework Flexibility: SAMMO’s framework supports an array of optimization scenarios, from instruction tuning and retrieval augmented generation optimization to prompt compression, making it scalable across different application needs.

Experimental Evaluation and Findings

SAMMO’s efficacy was explored through three core use-cases: instruction tuning, optimizing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) pipelines, and prompt compression. Across these scenarios, SAMMO achieved significant improvements:

• Instruction Tuning: SAMMO outperformed existing methods in instruction optimization, showing a 10-100\% increase in performance across multiple LLMs.
• RAG Pipeline Tuning: In the scenario of retrieval-augmented generation, SAMMO demonstrated gains of 26-133\%, indicating its strong potential in fine-tuning complex data interaction processes within prompts.
• Prompt Compression: SAMMO significantly reduced the computational cost of prompts without compromising on performance, achieving over 40\% compression across different models.

Implications and Future Directions

The introduction of SAMMO paves the way for more sophisticated prompt engineering methods that can adapt to the evolving complexity of LLM prompts. Its ability to generalize across various optimization techniques and demonstrate notable improvements irrespective of the underlying LLM suggests a promising avenue for research into compile-time optimization practices. Future work could explore extending SAMMO’s capabilities to accommodate real-time optimization needs and further refine its algorithmic efficiency for broader application scenarios.

Conclusion

SAMMO represents a significant step forward in the optimization of metaprompts for LLMs, offering a structured, efficient, and effective framework for prompt enhancement. Its programmatic approach to prompt construction and optimization stands to benefit a wide array of applications, from natural language processing tasks to more complex data interrogation and generation scenarios. As LLMs continue to advance, tools like SAMMO will be critical in harnessing their full potential through finely-tuned and efficiently-optimized prompts.