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Manipulating Feature Visualizations with Gradient Slingshots (2401.06122v3)

Published 11 Jan 2024 in cs.LG, cs.AI, and cs.CV

Abstract: Feature Visualization (FV) is a widely used technique for interpreting the concepts learned by Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), which synthesizes input patterns that maximally activate a given feature. Despite its popularity, the trustworthiness of FV explanations has received limited attention. In this paper, we introduce a novel method, Gradient Slingshots, that enables manipulation of FV without modifying the model architecture or significantly degrading its performance. By shaping new trajectories in the off-distribution regions of the activation landscape of a feature, we coerce the optimization process to converge in a predefined visualization. We evaluate our approach on several DNN architectures, demonstrating its ability to replace faithfuls FV with arbitrary targets. These results expose a critical vulnerability: auditors relying solely on FV may accept entirely fabricated explanations. To mitigate this risk, we propose a straightforward defense and quantitatively demonstrate its effectiveness.

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Citations (5)
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Summary

  • The paper demonstrates a novel Gradient Slingshot method to manipulate activation maximization visualizations without altering overall DNN performance.
  • It outlines a methodology that fine-tunes neuron functions using a manipulation loss term within a constrained input space to forge activation patterns.
  • Empirical results on MNIST and CIFAR-10 reveal that larger models are more vulnerable, prompting the proposal of defensive strategies like gradient clipping and transformation robustness.

Introduction

In light of the pervasive deployment of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) in various sectors, understanding the internal logic of these models is of paramount importance. Activation Maximization (AM) is a widely recognized technique to visualize the activation of individual neurons, giving insights into what features a DNN has learned to detect. Nonetheless, insights from AM have uncovered biases and spurious correlations learned from datasets. Thus, while explanations such as AM hold promise in enhancing model transparency, their reliability and security are crucial, especially in the context of adversarial manipulations aimed at misleading the interpretation processes.

Manipulation of Activation Maximization

The paper under scrutiny explores the robustness of AM by presenting the Gradient Slingshot (GS) method, a procedure capable of misleading AM visualizations. The authors argue that past attempts at manipulating AM explanations have focused on adjusting model architectures, which can be easily noticed during model inspection. The GS method, however, is novel in that it aims to preserve the model's performance and architecture while altering the AM visualizations.

Theoretical underpinnings show that by fine-tuning the neuron's function within a constrained subset of the input space, it's possible to control the AM explanations. This technique hinges on understanding the initialization distribution and the inclusion of a manipulation loss term in the training process. The manipulated neuron thus produces a forged activation pattern during the AM process while retaining its general behavior elsewhere, paving the way for potential misuse in model auditing environments.

Evaluation and Defense Measures

The authors conducted an extensive evaluation, including experiments with pixel-AM and Feature Visualization (FV) on MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets. The findings suggest that the manipulation of the AM process can indeed obscure or alter the visualization of learned features. Concerningly, the effectiveness of such manipulation revealed a correlation with the increase in the number of model parameters, deepening the threat in larger, more complex DNNs.

In addressing the vulnerability they expose, the authors propose multiple defensive strategies. These include gradient clipping, transformation robustness, changing optimization algorithms, and evaluating on natural Activation Maximization signals (n-AMS). Empirical tests of these defense mechanisms showed variable effectiveness, with transformation robustness emerging as the most effective single technique.

Implications and Conclusions

The disclosed manipulation method has profound implications for the perceived reliability of AM-based explanations. Researchers and practitioners should be cognizant of the potential for adversarial attacks on explanation methods and approach the interpretation with due diligence.

In conclusion, while the GS method imposes a significant challenge to the confidence in AM visualizations, it also propels the necessity for more rigorous evaluation and verification techniques in model explanations. As this paper sets the foundation for such critical assessments, future work is directed toward enhancing the defensibility of AM methods and developing more sophisticated techniques to detect when explanations have been compromised.

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