- The paper finds that robots with facial expressions are perceived as less competent in assisting light exercise compared to non-expressive robots.
- It employs both objective performance measures and subjective questionnaires to evaluate user engagement across different expression conditions.
- The research suggests that incorporating facial features may not enhance practical human-robot collaboration, prompting new design considerations for assistive robots.
Introduction
A paper from the University of Waterloo investigates how robots that assist in daily activities and promote light exercises might be perceived by senior adults, especially when the robots display facial emotional expressions. This area of paper is particularly important in the context of an aging global population and the increasing interest in technology that can support older adults in maintaining their independence and well-being.
Perception of Robots
In their experiment, the researchers used a collaborative robotic arm called Sawyer which was programmed to display varying facial expressions on a screen. Participants in the paper were assigned to one of three conditions: robots with no facial expression, robots with a constant happy expression, and robots with expressions that changed in response to the user's interaction with the robot. The surprising result was that robots with facial expressions were perceived as less competent than their non-expressive counterparts. Additionally, no change in user engagement could be observed whether the robots' expressions were responsive or unresponsive to the users' actions.
Engagement Levels
The paper also measured engagement levels in both objective and subjective terms. Objective engagement was evaluated based on the participants' performance during the interaction, while subjective engagement was measured through a questionnaire where participants reported their level of engagement. Despite variations in the robot's facial expressions, there appeared to be no significant impact on the level of engagement.
Social-Collaborative Interactions
It was indicated that the role facial expressions play in human-robot interaction (HRI) may massively depend on whether the interaction is more socially or collaboratively oriented. This differentiation suggests that while facial expressions are often thought to enhance the social aspects of humanoid robots, their impact might be less beneficial, or even counterproductive, when applied to robots designed for more practical physical tasks.
Future Directions
The authors suggest that further research should explore whether modifications to the robot's facial features—such as the addition of cheeks or eyelids—could potentially improve the perceived intelligence and appeal of such robots. Given the limited sample mentioned, future studies could include a broader participant pool, encompassing different age groups to generalize the findings more effectively. Also, further exploration into the relationships discovered through correlation analysis could provide deeper insights into the factors that influence human-robot engagement.
In conclusion, while robots with facial emotional expressions were perceived as less competent by older adults, the expressions did not influence engagement levels during light physical exercise interactions. This research contributes to our understanding of how to better design assistive robots for older adults' physical activities, suggesting that perhaps other social behaviors beyond facial expressions should be considered for enhancing user engagement in practical HRI scenarios.
