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End-to-End Learning on Multimodal Knowledge Graphs (2309.01169v1)

Published 3 Sep 2023 in cs.LG and cs.AI

Abstract: Knowledge graphs enable data scientists to learn end-to-end on heterogeneous knowledge. However, most end-to-end models solely learn from the relational information encoded in graphs' structure: raw values, encoded as literal nodes, are either omitted completely or treated as regular nodes without consideration for their values. In either case we lose potentially relevant information which could have otherwise been exploited by our learning methods. We propose a multimodal message passing network which not only learns end-to-end from the structure of graphs, but also from their possibly divers set of multimodal node features. Our model uses dedicated (neural) encoders to naturally learn embeddings for node features belonging to five different types of modalities, including numbers, texts, dates, images and geometries, which are projected into a joint representation space together with their relational information. We implement and demonstrate our model on node classification and link prediction for artificial and real-worlds datasets, and evaluate the effect that each modality has on the overall performance in an inverse ablation study. Our results indicate that end-to-end multimodal learning from any arbitrary knowledge graph is indeed possible, and that including multimodal information can significantly affect performance, but that much depends on the characteristics of the data.

Citations (8)

Summary

  • The paper introduces a novel multimodal message passing network that integrates diverse node features for enhanced graph learning.
  • It employs dedicated neural encoders for numerical, textual, temporal, visual, and spatial modalities to create a joint representation space.
  • Experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets show significant performance improvements in node classification and link prediction tasks.

End-to-End Learning on Multimodal Knowledge Graphs

Introduction

The paper "End-to-End Learning on Multimodal Knowledge Graphs" presents a novel approach for integrating multimodal data into knowledge graphs through a multimodal message passing network. This approach addresses the limitations of conventional models that only leverage relational structures, thus neglecting rich multimodal node features present within the data. The proposed model enhances the extraction of relevant insights by including a diverse range of node modalities, offering a significant performance improvement on tasks like node classification and link prediction.

Methodology

The authors introduce a multimodal message passing neural network model designed to utilize node features consisting of five different modalities: numerical, textual, temporal, visual, and spatial data. These features are integrated into the knowledge graph through dedicated neural encoders which project them into a joint representation space. This framework permits simultaneous processing of graph structure and node features, enhancing the model's capacity to learn from heterogeneous data.

Modality Encoders

Each modality is handled by specific encoders:

  • Numerical Information: Entails direct value embeddings.
  • Temporal Information: Utilizes a feed-forward network to capture the cyclic nature of time-based data.
  • Textual Information: Text data is vectorized using character-level convolutional neural networks (CNNs).
  • Visual Information: Processed through CNNs for image embeddings.
  • Spatial Information: Involves temporal CNNs to interpret spatial attributes such as coordinates and shapes.

Message Passing Network

The implemented model is based on the R-GCN (Relational Graph Convolutional Network), extended to adapt and process multimodal information. The network's architecture allows for the aggregation of neighborhood information through message passing, accounting for both literal values and traditional graph structures.

Experiments

The model's efficacy was evaluated on both synthetic and real-world datasets with various degrees of multimodality. The datasets employed in node classification tasks include AIFB+, MUTAG, BGS, AM+, and DMG, while link prediction was tested on subsets of ML100k+ and YAGO3-10+.

Results

The results demonstrated that the inclusion of multimodal node features generally improves performance across tasks. In synthetic datasets, which provide controlled environments with strong modal signals, the approach yields significant accuracy gains. Real-world datasets, however, showed variable outcomes, likely due to inherent noise and complexity differences among modalities.

Discussion

The paper underscores the potential of multimodal integration in knowledge graphs, highlighting how different modalities impact performance. The key takeaway is the variability in results across datasets, which suggests that the effectiveness of feature inclusion heavily depends on dataset specifics and modality characteristics.

Conclusion

The research exemplifies an impactful step forward in knowledge graph modeling by incorporating diverse multimodal data. While the performance improvements are promising, the variability observed across different datasets indicates the need for further exploration in modality-specific techniques and dataset configurations. Future work could advance these preliminary findings by refining encoder architectures and diversifying benchmark datasets to achieve more consistent outcomes across varying conditions.

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