Prompt2Model: Generating Deployable Models from Natural Language Instructions
(2308.12261)Abstract
LLMs enable system builders today to create competent NLP systems through prompting, where they only need to describe the task in natural language and provide a few examples. However, in other ways, LLMs are a step backward from traditional special-purpose NLP models; they require extensive computational resources for deployment and can be gated behind APIs. In this paper, we propose Prompt2Model, a general-purpose method that takes a natural language task description like the prompts provided to LLMs, and uses it to train a special-purpose model that is conducive to deployment. This is done through a multi-step process of retrieval of existing datasets and pretrained models, dataset generation using LLMs, and supervised fine-tuning on these retrieved and generated datasets. Over three tasks, we demonstrate that given the same few-shot prompt as input, Prompt2Model trains models that outperform the results of a strong LLM, gpt-3.5-turbo, by an average of 20% while being up to 700 times smaller. We also show that this data can be used to obtain reliable performance estimates of model performance, enabling model developers to assess model reliability before deployment. Prompt2Model is available open-source at https://github.com/neulab/prompt2model.
Overview
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Prompt2Model introduces an automated framework for creating specialized NLP models from natural language instructions, aiming to reduce dependency on large, resource-intensive language models.
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The framework involves retrieving or generating relevant datasets, identifying suitable pretrained models, and fine-tuning these models to perform specific tasks, thereby facilitating cost-effective and customizable model deployment.
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Experimental results demonstrate Prompt2Model's effectiveness, particularly in tasks like machine reading question answering and temporal expression normalization, while highlighting areas for further improvement, such as handling low-resource languages.
Overview of "Prompt2Model: Generating Deployable Models from Natural Language Instructions"
The paper "Prompt2Model: Generating Deployable Models from Natural Language Instructions" presents a novel framework for training special-purpose NLP models using natural language prompts. The key motivation behind this work is to bridge the gap between the powerful, but resource-intensive, LLMs like GPT-3.5-turbo and the need for smaller, deployable models that can be adapted to specific tasks without extensive computational demands.
Key Contributions
The authors identify several challenges with the current LLM-based approaches for NLP system building, such as extensive computational resources, dependency on commercial APIs, instability due to prompt quality, and lack of annotated validation data for model reliability assessment. To address these challenges, the authors propose Prompt2Model, an automated pipeline that can generate high-performing, task-specific models from natural language instructions. The key components of this pipeline include:
- Dataset Retrieval: Leveraging existing annotated datasets that are relevant to the user's prompt to minimize the need for manual data labeling.
- Dataset Generation: Employing an LLM to create synthetic data that can be used to train smaller models.
- Model Retrieval: Identifying suitable pretrained models based on the task description, which are then fine-tuned on the collected and generated datasets.
Experimental Evaluation
The paper evaluates Prompt2Model on three distinct tasks to demonstrate its utility:
- Machine Reading Question Answering: Using SQuAD as a benchmark, Prompt2Model achieved an Exact Match (EM) score of 61.5, significantly outperforming GPT-3.5-turbo, which scored 42.1.
- Japanese NL-to-Code Generation: Evaluated using the MCoNaLa dataset, Prompt2Model showed weaker performance than GPT-3.5-turbo, highlighting challenges in handling low-resource languages.
- Temporal Expression Normalization: Here, Prompt2Model achieved a ChrF++ score of 55.2, outperforming GPT-3.5-turbo's 30.7.
These results indicate that Prompt2Model can produce models that are not only smaller (up to 700 times smaller than GPT-3.5-turbo) but also outperform LLMs in certain tasks, particularly when the prompt and task are well-aligned with available pretraining data.
Implications and Future Research Directions
The Prompt2Model framework offers significant practical and theoretical implications. Practically, it reduces the barrier to deploying high-quality NLP models by automating the data collection and model training process. Theoretically, it opens avenues for further research in model distillation, dataset generation, synthetic evaluation, and dataset and model retrieval.
Practical Implications
- Cost-Effective Model Deployment: By significantly reducing the size of the models, Prompt2Model makes NLP technology more accessible for applications with limited computational resources.
- High Customizability: The framework allows users to tailor models to their specific needs without extensive expertise in data annotation or model training.
Theoretical Implications
- Enhanced Understanding of Model Distillation: The effective use of synthetic datasets generated by LLMs to train smaller models invites more research into optimizing data generation techniques.
- Synthetic Evaluation Techniques: The ability to reliably estimate model performance using generated datasets could revolutionize model evaluation methodologies, particularly in low-resource settings.
Discussion
The authors acknowledge some limitations, such as reliance on proprietary APIs and challenges with low-resource languages. Future work could explore integrating open-source LLMs to provide a more accessible framework. Additionally, expanding the language capabilities of the system and refining the data generation processes could address some of the current challenges.
The extensible and modular design of Prompt2Model also makes it a compelling platform for future research. By allowing individual components to be customized or replaced, the framework can serve as a testing ground for new techniques in various aspects of automated machine learning.
In conclusion, Prompt2Model presents a significant step towards making NLP models more accessible and deployable, reducing reliance on computationally intensive LLMs while maintaining, and in some cases exceeding, their performance levels. This work not only addresses a critical need in the deployment of NLP systems but also sets the stage for future innovations in automated machine learning pipelines.