Measuring and Modifying Factual Knowledge in Large Language Models

LLMs store an extensive amount of factual knowledge obtained from vast collections of text. To effectively utilize these models for downstream tasks, it is crucial to have reliable methods for measuring their knowledge. However, existing approaches for knowledge measurement have certain limitations, and despite recent efforts, they fail to provide accurate measurements and the necessary insights for modifying the knowledge within LLMs. In this work, we employ information theory-based measurements to provide a framework estimating the factual knowledge contained within LLMs. More specifically, we measure knowledge by analyzing the LLM's prediction probability distribution before and after instilling the target knowledge, employing metrics such as entropy and KL-divergence. Introducing our metrics, we first assess their accuracy in comparison to previous ranking-based methods, surpassing them by over $35\%$ in a synthetic experiment. Then, we explore two prominent methods of knowledge instillation, discovering that LLMs exhibit limitations in capturing new knowledge under specific circumstances for one of these methods. Lastly, we demonstrate the applicability of our methods in extracting unlearned and mislearned facts in LLMs through their application to in-context learning. We make code and data for all methods and experiments in this paper publicly available.