Enhancing Physics Learning with ChatGPT, Bing Chat, and Bard as Agents-to-Think-With: A Comparative Case Study

Abstract: The rise of AI has brought remarkable advancements in education, with AI models demonstrating their ability to analyse and provide instructive solutions to complex problems. This study compared and analysed the responses of four Generative AI-powered chatbots (GenAIbots) - ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Bing Chat, and Bard - within the constructivist theoretical framework. Using a single-case study methodology, interaction logs between the GenAIbots and a simulated student in Physics learning scenarios were analysed. The GenAIbots were presented with conceptually dense Physics problems to promote deep understanding. The qualitative analysis focused on tutor traits such as subject-matter knowledge, empathy, assessment emphasis, facilitation skills, and comprehension of the learning process. Findings showed that all GenAIbots functioned as agents-to-think-with, fostering critical thinking, problem-solving, and subject-matter knowledge. ChatGPT-4 stood out for demonstrating empathy and a deep understanding of the learning process. However, inconsistencies and shortcomings were observed, highlighting the need for human intervention in AI-assisted learning. In conclusion, while GenAIbots have limitations, their potential as agents-to-think-with in Physics education offers promising prospects for revolutionising instruction.