PersonaLLM: Investigating the Ability of Large Language Models to Express Personality Traits
(2305.02547)Abstract
Despite the many use cases for LLMs in creating personalized chatbots, there has been limited research on evaluating the extent to which the behaviors of personalized LLMs accurately and consistently reflect specific personality traits. We consider studying the behavior of LLM-based agents which we refer to as LLM personas and present a case study with GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 to investigate whether LLMs can generate content that aligns with their assigned personality profiles. To this end, we simulate distinct LLM personas based on the Big Five personality model, have them complete the 44-item Big Five Inventory (BFI) personality test and a story writing task, and then assess their essays with automatic and human evaluations. Results show that LLM personas' self-reported BFI scores are consistent with their designated personality types, with large effect sizes observed across five traits. Additionally, LLM personas' writings have emerging representative linguistic patterns for personality traits when compared with a human writing corpus. Furthermore, human evaluation shows that humans can perceive some personality traits with an accuracy of up to 80%. Interestingly, the accuracy drops significantly when the annotators were informed of AI authorship.
Overview
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This paper investigates if LLMs, specifically GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, can display specific personality traits based on the Big Five model by assessing their self-reported BFI scores and analyzing the narratives they produce.
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The experiment simulated LLM personas with varying Big Five traits, had them complete a BFI questionnaire, and prompted them to write stories that were analyzed for personality expression using the LIWC framework, alongside evaluations by both humans and an LLM-based system.
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Key findings include strong alignment between LLM personas' self-reported BFI scores and their designated traits, identification of linguistic patterns associated with personality traits, and differences in perception of personality by human and LLM evaluators.
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The implications of this research suggest potential for using LLMs in personalized AI interactions and raise questions about the authenticity of AI-generated content, with a call for future investigations into more complex narratives and the societal impacts of personality-expressing LLMs.
Investigating Personality Expression in LLMs with PersonaLLM
Overview of Research
Recent developments in LLMs have focused on creating agents that can emulate human-like behavior, with increasing interest in personalizing these interactions. The study "PersonaLLM: Investigating the Ability of LLMs to Express Personality Traits" by Hang Jiang and colleagues presents a comprehensive examination of whether LLMs, specifically GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, can accurately and consistently generate content that reflects specific personality traits based on the Big Five personality model. The researchers employed a case study approach, creating distinct LLM personas, assessing their self-reported Big Five Inventory (BFI) scores, and evaluating the narratives they produce through both automatic and human evaluations.
Experiment Design
The core methodology involved simulating LLM personas corresponding to combinations of the Big Five personality traits, administering a BFI questionnaire to these personas, and prompting them to write stories. These narratives were then analyzed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) framework to assess personality expression. Human evaluators and an LLM-based automatic evaluation further scrutinized the stories to discern perceived personality traits. Significant emphasis was placed on ensuring the study's reproducibility and transparency, with the researchers making their code, data, and annotations publicly available.
Key Findings
The research unveiled several critical findings:
- Consistency in Personality Representation: LLM personas' self-reported BFI scores align strongly with their designated personality traits, indicating that these models can reflect assigned personas in self-assessment tasks.
- Linguistic Patterns and Personality: The study identifies distinct linguistic markers associated with each of the Big Five personality traits in the generated content. For example, extroversion correlated positively with the use of positive emotion words and social lexicons, while conscientiousness showed a preference for words related to achievement and work.
- Perception of Personality by Humans and LLMs: Both human and LLM evaluators could perceive certain personality traits with notable accuracy. However, the accuracy decreased notably once evaluators were informed of the AI's authorship, suggesting the awareness of AI involvement influences human perception of personality expression.
- Differences in Evaluation between Human and LLM Evaluators: The findings illustrate a discrepancy in how human and LLM evaluators perceive and evaluate the stories, with LLM evaluators generally assigning higher scores across several evaluation dimensions.
Implications and Future Directions
This research not only contributes to our understanding of the capabilities and limitations of current LLMs in expressing personality traits but also sets the stage for future explorations in personalized AI interactions. The findings have both practical and theoretical ramifications, highlighting the potential of using LLMs in applications requiring personalized interactions and raising questions about the interpretability and authenticity of AI-generated content.
Further investigations could expand on this work by exploring more diverse and complex narratives, integrating multimodal data, and examining other psychological models beyond the Big Five. Additionally, understanding the societal and ethical implications of deploying personality-expressing LLMs in real-world applications remains a critical future direction.
Conclusion
"PersonaLLM: Investigating the Ability of LLMs to Express Personality Traits" presents a significant step forward in the field of generative AI and personalized digital interactions. By systematically assessing the ability of LLMs to express and reflect human personality traits, this study not only enhances our understanding of the current capabilities of these technologies but also opens new avenues for their application in areas ranging from virtual assistants to digital therapy and beyond.
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