Estimating the Effective Support Size in Constant Query Complexity

Abstract: Estimating the support size of a distribution is a well-studied problem in statistics. Motivated by the fact that this problem is highly non-robust (as small perturbations in the distributions can drastically affect the support size) and thus hard to estimate, Goldreich [ECCC 2019] studied the query complexity of estimating the $\epsilon$-\emph{effective support size} $\text{Ess}<em>\epsilon$ of a distribution ${P}$, which is equal to the smallest support size of a distribution that is $\epsilon$-far in total variation distance from ${P}$. In his paper, he shows an algorithm in the dual access setting (where we may both receive random samples and query the sampling probability $p(x)$ for any $x$) for a bicriteria approximation, giving an answer in $$[\text{Ess}</em>{(1+\beta)\epsilon},(1+\gamma) \text{Ess}<em>{\epsilon}]$$ for some values $\beta, \gamma &gt; 0$. However, his algorithm has either super-constant query complexity in the support size or super-constant approximation ratio $1+\gamma = \omega(1)$. He then asked if this is necessary, or if it is possible to get a constant-factor approximation in a number of queries independent of the support size. We answer his question by showing that not only is complexity independent of $n$ possible for $\gamma&gt;0$, but also for $\gamma=0$, that is, that the bicriteria relaxation is not necessary. Specifically, we show an algorithm with query complexity $O(\frac{1}{\beta³ \epsilon<sup>3})$. That is, for any $0 &lt; \epsilon, \beta &lt; 1$, we output in this complexity a number $$\tilde{n} \in [\text{Ess}</em>{(1+\beta)\epsilon},\text{Ess}_\epsilon]$$. We also show that it is possible to solve the approximate version with approximation ratio $1+\gamma$ in complexity $$O\left(\frac{1}{\beta² \epsilon} + \frac{1}{\beta \epsilon \gamma<sup>2}\right)$$. Our algorithm is very simple, and has $4$ short lines of pseudocode.