The adoption of non-pharmaceutical interventions and the role of digital infrastructure during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Colombia, Ecuador, and El Salvador

Adherence to the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) put in place to mitigate the spreading of infectious diseases is a multifaceted problem. Socio-demographic, socio-economic, and epidemiological factors can influence the perceived susceptibility and risk which are known to affect behavior. Furthermore, the adoption of NPIs is dependent upon the barriers, real or perceived, associated with their implementation. We study the determinants of NPIs adherence during the first wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Colombia, Ecuador, and El Salvador. Analyses are performed at the level of municipalities and include socio-economic, socio-demographic, and epidemiological indicators. Furthermore, by leveraging a unique dataset comprising tens of millions of internet Speedtest measurements from Ookla, we investigate the quality of the digital infrastructure as a possible barrier to adoption. We use publicly available data provided by Meta capturing aggregated mobility changes as a proxy of adherence to NPIs. Across the three countries considered, we find a significant correlation between mobility drops and digital infrastructure quality. The relationship remains significant after controlling for several factors including socio-economic status, population size, and reported COVID-19 cases. This finding suggests that municipalities with better connectivity were able to afford higher mobility reductions. The link between mobility drops and digital infrastructure quality is stronger at the peak of NPIs stringency. We also find that mobility reductions were more pronounced in larger, denser, and wealthier municipalities. Our work provides new insights on the significance of access to digital tools as an additional factor influencing the ability to follow social distancing guidelines during a health emergency