Trinomials and Deterministic Complexity Limits for Real Solving

Abstract: We detail an algorithm that -- for all but a $\frac{1}{\Omega(\log(dH))}$ fraction of $f\in\mathbb{Z}[x]$ with exactly $3$ monomial terms, degree $d$, and all coefficients in ${-H,\ldots, H}$ -- produces an approximate root (in the sense of Smale) for each real root of $f$ in deterministic time $\log<sup>{4+o(1)}(dH)$ in the classical Turing model. (Each approximate root is a rational with logarithmic height $O(\log(dH))$.) The best previous deterministic bit complexity bounds were exponential in $\log d$. We then relate this to Koiran's Trinomial Sign Problem (2017): Decide the sign of a degree $d$ trinomial $f\in\mathbb{Z}[x]$ with coefficients in ${-H,\ldots,H}$, at a point $r!\in!\mathbb{Q}$ of logarithmic height $\log H$, in (deterministic) time $\log<sup>{O(1)}(dH)$. We show that Koiran's Trinomial Sign Problem admits a positive solution, at least for a fraction $1-\frac{1}{\Omega(\log(dH))}$ of the inputs $(f,r)$.