Finer Tight Bounds for Coloring on Clique-Width

Abstract: We revisit the complexity of the classical $k$-Coloring problem parameterized by clique-width. This is a very well-studied problem that becomes highly intractable when the number of colors $k$ is large. However, much less is known on its complexity for small, concrete values of $k$. In this paper, we completely determine the complexity of $k$-Coloring parameterized by clique-width for any fixed $k$, under the SETH. Specifically, we show that for all $k\ge 3,\epsilon&gt;0$, $k$-Coloring cannot be solved in time $O<sup>*((2<sup>k-2-\epsilon)<sup>{cw})$, and give an algorithm running in time $O<sup>*((2<sup>k-2)<sup>{cw})$. Thus, if the SETH is true, $2^k-2$ is the "correct" base of the exponent for every $k$. Along the way, we also consider the complexity of $k$-Coloring parameterized by the related parameter modular treewidth ($mtw$). In this case we show that the "correct" running time, under the SETH, is $$O^*({k\choose \lfloor k/2\rfloor}<sup>{mtw})$$. If we base our results on a weaker assumption (the ETH), they imply that $k$-Coloring cannot be solved in time $n<sup>{o(cw)}$, even on instances with $O(\log n)$ colors.