Quantum algorithm for multivariate polynomial interpolation

Abstract: How many quantum queries are required to determine the coefficients of a degree-$d$ polynomial in $n$ variables? We present and analyze quantum algorithms for this multivariate polynomial interpolation problem over the fields $\mathbb{F}<em>q$, $\mathbb{R}$, and $\mathbb{C}$. We show that $k</em>{\mathbb{C}}$ and $2k_{\mathbb{C}}$ queries suffice to achieve probability $1$ for $\mathbb{C}$ and $\mathbb{R}$, respectively, where $$k_{\mathbb{C}}=\smash{\lceil\frac{1}{n+1}{n+d\choose d}\rceil}$$ except for $d=2$ and four other special cases. For $\mathbb{F}<em>q$, we show that $\smash{\lceil\frac{d}{n+d}{n+d\choose d}\rceil}$ queries suffice to achieve probability approaching $1$ for large field order $q$. The classical query complexity of this problem is $\smash{n+d\choose d}$, so our result provides a speedup by a factor of $n+1$, $\frac{n+1}{2}$, and $\frac{n+d}{d}$ for $\mathbb{C}$, $\mathbb{R}$, and $\mathbb{F}_q$, respectively. Thus we find a much larger gap between classical and quantum algorithms than the univariate case, where the speedup is by a factor of $2$. For the case of $\mathbb{F}_q$, we conjecture that $2k</em>{\mathbb{C}}$ queries also suffice to achieve probability approaching $1$ for large field order $q$, although we leave this as an open problem.