Characterization and Efficient Exhaustive Search Algorithm for Elementary Trapping Sets of Irregular LDPC Codes

In this paper, we propose a characterization of elementary trapping sets (ETSs) for irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. These sets are known to be the main culprits in the error floor region of such codes. The characterization of ETSs for irregular codes has been known to be a challenging problem due to the large variety of non-isomorphic ETS structures that can exist within the Tanner graph of these codes. This is a direct consequence of the variety of the degrees of the variable nodes that can participate in such structures. The proposed characterization is based on a hierarchical graphical representation of ETSs, starting from simple cycles of the graph, or from single variable nodes, and involves three simple expansion techniques: degree-one tree ($dot$), $path$ and $lollipop$, thus, the terminology {\em dpl characterization}. A similar dpl characterization was proposed in an earlier work by the authors for the leafless ETSs (LETSs) of variable-regular LDPC codes. The present paper generalizes the prior work to codes with a variety of variable node degrees and to ETSs that are not leafless. The proposed dpl characterization corresponds to an efficient search algorithm that, for a given irregular LDPC code, can find all the instances of $(a,b)$ ETSs with size $a$ and with the number of unsatisfied check nodes $b$ within any range of interest $a \leq a{max}$ and $b \leq b{max}$, exhaustively. Although, (brute force) exhaustive search algorithms for ETSs of irregular LDPC codes exist, to the best of our knowledge, the proposed search algorithm is the first of its kind, in that, it is devised based on a characterization of ETSs that makes the search process efficient. Extensive simulation results are presented to show the versatility of the search algorithm, and to demonstrate that, compared to the literature, significant improvement in search speed can be obtained.