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Contextual LSTM (CLSTM) models for Large scale NLP tasks (1602.06291v2)

Published 19 Feb 2016 in cs.CL

Abstract: Documents exhibit sequential structure at multiple levels of abstraction (e.g., sentences, paragraphs, sections). These abstractions constitute a natural hierarchy for representing the context in which to infer the meaning of words and larger fragments of text. In this paper, we present CLSTM (Contextual LSTM), an extension of the recurrent neural network LSTM (Long-Short Term Memory) model, where we incorporate contextual features (e.g., topics) into the model. We evaluate CLSTM on three specific NLP tasks: word prediction, next sentence selection, and sentence topic prediction. Results from experiments run on two corpora, English documents in Wikipedia and a subset of articles from a recent snapshot of English Google News, indicate that using both words and topics as features improves performance of the CLSTM models over baseline LSTM models for these tasks. For example on the next sentence selection task, we get relative accuracy improvements of 21% for the Wikipedia dataset and 18% for the Google News dataset. This clearly demonstrates the significant benefit of using context appropriately in natural language (NL) tasks. This has implications for a wide variety of NL applications like question answering, sentence completion, paraphrase generation, and next utterance prediction in dialog systems.

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Authors (6)
  1. Shalini Ghosh (34 papers)
  2. Oriol Vinyals (116 papers)
  3. Brian Strope (11 papers)
  4. Scott Roy (9 papers)
  5. Tom Dean (3 papers)
  6. Larry Heck (41 papers)
Citations (209)

Summary

  • The paper presents CLSTM’s enhancement to traditional LSTMs by incorporating hierarchical context to achieve up to 21% accuracy improvement in next sentence selection tasks.
  • It integrates topic signals parsed via HTM to encode both local and global context, thereby reducing perplexity in word prediction and sentence topic prediction.
  • Empirical results on English Wikipedia and Google News datasets validate CLSTM’s superior performance, paving the way for advanced context-aware NLP applications.

Contextual LSTM Models for Large Scale NLP Tasks

The research paper presents the Contextual Long Short-Term Memory (CLSTM) model, an enhancement over the traditional LSTM architecture, tailored for large-scale NLP tasks. Leveraging context-based features such as topic information, the CLSTM offers improvements in tasks like word prediction, next sentence selection, and sentence topic prediction. These enhancements are driven by the integration of hierarchical sequential context from documents, reflecting the nested structure of text in sentences, paragraphs, and sections, into the neural model.

The paper argues for the significance of long-range context in NLP, demonstrating through empirical results that traditional LSTMs, while proficient with sequential data, benefit markedly from the incorporation of context at multiple levels of granularity. This research harnesses topics as contextual features, utilizing a method to encode these topics—Parsed via HTM, a hierarchical topic model—allowing the CLSTM to grasp both local and global context effectively.

Key Results

Quantitative evaluation on large corpora like English Wikipedia and a snapshot of the English Google News dataset highlights the superiority of the CLSTM over baseline LSTMs. Notably, in the next sentence selection task, the CLSTM exhibits a relative 21% accuracy improvement on Wikipedia and an 18% gain on Google News. Similarly, the word prediction and sentence topic prediction tasks reveal significant reductions in perplexity when employing CLSTMs compared to state-of-the-art LSTM models. Such enhancements demonstrate the model's ability to integrate and leverage context effectively, establishing a more nuanced understanding necessary for these NLP tasks.

Implications and Future Directions

The implications of adopting CLSTM models extend beyond the performance metrics. Practically, the model's improved contextual understanding reinforces various applications like enhanced predictive text input, efficient response generation in dialog systems, and more nuanced question-answer systems. Theoretically, this work suggests a significant advancement in the hierarchical processing of textual data, opening avenues for more sophisticated modeling of contextual relationships in text.

Future directions proposed in the paper suggest refinement in the contextual inputs. Investigations into unsupervised thought vectors, as replacements for extraneous topic signals, show preliminary promise. These vectors may offer richer, interiors-based context representations within a more compact embedding space. Additionally, exploration of expanded hierarchical models featuring sentence-level LSTM layers to encapsulate overarching paragraph-level contexts could further encapsulate the "continuity of thought," thus refining prediction tasks over larger text spans.

In conclusion, this paper highlights the tangible benefits of incorporating hierarchical context signals into neural models for NLP, setting the stage for subsequent research into contextually aware architectures in AI language processing.