Lattices from codes over $\mathbb{Z}_q$: Generalization of Constructions $D$, $D'$ and $\overline{D}$

In this paper, we extend the lattice Constructions $D$, $D'$ and $\overline{D}$ $($this latter is also known as Forney's code formula$)$ from codes over $\mathbb{F}p$ to linear codes over $\mathbb{Z}q$, where $q \in \mathbb{N}$. We define an operation in $\mathbb{Z}q^n$ called zero-one addition, which coincides with the Schur product when restricted to $\mathbb{Z}2^n$ and show that the extended Construction $\overline{D}$ produces a lattice if and only if the nested codes are closed under this addition. A generalization to the real case of the recently developed Construction $A'$ is also derived and we show that this construction produces a lattice if and only if the corresponding code over $\mathbb{Z}_q[X]/X^a$ is closed under a shifted zero-one addition. One of the motivations for this work is the recent use of $q$-ary lattices in cryptography.