New one shot quantum protocols with application to communication complexity

Abstract: In this paper we present the following quantum compression protocol: P : Let $\rho,\sigma$ be quantum states such that $$S(\rho || \sigma) = \text{Tr} (\rho \log \rho - \rho \log \sigma)$$, the relative entropy between $\rho$ and $\sigma$, is finite. Alice gets to know the eigen-decomposition of $\rho$. Bob gets to know the eigen-decomposition of $\sigma$. Both Alice and Bob know $S(\rho || \sigma)$ and an error parameter $\epsilon$. Alice and Bob use shared entanglement and after communication of $\mathcal{O}((S(\rho || \sigma)+1)/\epsilon<sup>4)$ bits from Alice to Bob, Bob ends up with a quantum state $\tilde{\rho}$ such that $F(\rho, \tilde{\rho}) \geq 1 - 5\epsilon$, where $F(\cdot)$ represents fidelity. This result can be considered as a non-commutative generalization of a result due to Braverman and Rao [2011] where they considered the special case when $\rho$ and $\sigma$ are classical probability distributions (or commute with each other) and use shared randomness instead of shared entanglement. We use P to obtain an alternate proof of a direct-sum result for entanglement assisted quantum one-way communication complexity for all relations, which was first shown by Jain, Radhakrishnan and Sen [2005,2008]. We also present a variant of protocol P in which Bob has some side information about the state with Alice. We show that in such a case, the amount of communication can be further reduced, based on the side information that Bob has. Our second result provides a quantum analogue of the widely used classical correlated-sampling protocol. For example, Holenstein [2007] used the classical correlated-sampling protocol in his proof of a parallel-repetition theorem for two-player one-round games.